A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a mathematical notation for representing a set of numbers by symbols in a consistent…

Analog Signals An analog or analogue signal is any time continuous signal where some time varying feature of the signal…

Representation of Digital Signals Digital systems do not store numbers the way humans do. A human can remember the number…

The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols, usually 0…

Binary Conversion Unsigned Binary Counting The simplest form of numeric representation with bits is unsigned binary. When we count upward…

In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the…

Hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols…

Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary sequence. Its…

The use of binary counting sequences is common in digital applications. For example, an n-bit binary value can be used to identify…

Basic Concepts behind the Binary System To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. When we first learned…

Binary Subtraction Just as with addition, we’re going to use the decimal numbering system to illustrate the process used in…

Floating Point Arithmetic Binary numbers can also have decimal points, and to show you how, we will once again begin with…

Hexadecimal numbers (base 16) can be added using the same method. The difference is that there are more digits in hexadecimal…

Unless you are an electrical engineer, an understanding of the operation of transistors is unnecessary. One level above the transistors, however, is…

The expression X = A * B reads as “X equals A AND B”. The multiplication sign stands for the ANDoperation, same for ordinary multiplication…