Bitwise Operations Most software performs data manipulation using mathematical operations such as multiplication or addition. Some applications, however, may require…

Parity One of the most primitive forms of error detection is to add a single bit called a parity bit…

Checksum For digital systems that store or transfer multiple pieces of data in blocks, an additional data element is typically added to…

A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a type of function that takes as input a data stream of any length and produces…